Understanding the Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in the UK: Recent Data and Trends Essay

Introduction

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a deeply entrenched cultural practice that has persisted across various regions of the world for centuries. While it is most prevalent in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, it is not confined to these regions alone (WHO, 2018). In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of FGM’s presence and impact in Western countries, including the United Kingdom. This essay explores the psychological and social consequences of FGM within the context of the UK, drawing on scholarly research published in 2018 and beyond.

Background on Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation, also known as female circumcision or cutting, involves the partial or complete removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons (WHO, 2018). This practice is deeply rooted in cultural, social, and religious beliefs, and it is often performed on young girls and adolescents. There are four main types of FGM, ranging from the removal of the clitoral hood to the most extreme form involving the removal of the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora, followed by stitching or narrowing of the vaginal opening.

FGM is widely recognized as a violation of human rights and a form of gender-based violence (WHO, 2018). In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified FGM as a harmful traditional practice that causes immediate and long-term health complications, in addition to its psychological and social repercussions.

Prevalence of FGM in the UK

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a global concern, but it is important to understand its prevalence and impact within the specific context of the United Kingdom. The UK has experienced an increase in FGM cases primarily due to immigration from countries where the practice is prevalent. This section delves deeper into the prevalence of FGM in the UK, drawing on research and data from recent years (NHS Digital, 2018).

Migration and FGM

The UK has seen a significant influx of immigrants from countries where FGM is practiced. This includes nations in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. According to the National Health Service (NHS) Digital’s report for 2017-18, over 80% of women and girls recorded as having undergone FGM were born in countries where it is prevalent (NHS Digital, 2018). The migration patterns from these regions have contributed to the persistence of FGM in the UK.

Regional Prevalence

FGM is not evenly distributed across the UK but is more concentrated in specific regions. London, for example, has a notably higher prevalence of FGM cases compared to other areas. Research indicates that nearly half of all FGM cases recorded in the UK occur in London (NHS Digital, 2018). This concentration is often linked to the presence of diaspora communities from FGM-practicing countries.

Age and Generation

FGM is typically performed on young girls, but data shows that a significant number of cases recorded in the UK involve women and girls who have been subjected to the practice before coming to the country. In some instances, families may return to their home countries for the procedure. This highlights the need for intervention and awareness programs that target both young girls at risk and women who have already undergone FGM.

Data Collection and Reporting

Accurate data collection is crucial in addressing the prevalence of FGM in the UK. It is worth noting that FGM is a clandestine practice, often shrouded in secrecy. As a result, obtaining accurate statistics can be challenging. Nonetheless, the UK government and healthcare services have made efforts to improve data collection and reporting. The introduction of mandatory reporting for healthcare professionals has contributed to a better understanding of the extent of FGM (NHS Digital, 2018).

Community Pressure and Cultural Factors

Cultural and community pressures can significantly influence the persistence of FGM in the UK. In some communities, FGM is considered a rite of passage, a cultural tradition, or a prerequisite for marriage. These beliefs and norms can create a significant barrier to ending the practice. Some individuals may feel compelled to conform to these expectations, even if they personally oppose FGM.

Legal Framework

The UK has taken steps to address FGM through a legal framework. FGM has been illegal in the UK since 1985, and the law has been strengthened over the years. Legislation now includes provisions that criminalize taking girls abroad for FGM (known as “vacation cutting”) and mandatory reporting of FGM cases by healthcare professionals. These legal measures are important tools in combating the practice (Home Office, 2015).

Challenges in Prosecution

While there have been prosecutions related to FGM in the UK, successful convictions remain relatively rare. This is partly due to the hidden nature of the crime, the reluctance of survivors and their families to cooperate with authorities, and the challenges in obtaining evidence. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has been working to improve its approach to FGM prosecutions, but it remains a complex issue (CPS, 2018).

Community Engagement

Tackling FGM in the UK also requires a community-based approach. Various organizations and grassroots initiatives have emerged to engage with affected communities, raise awareness, and provide support to those at risk and survivors. Community involvement is seen as essential in changing social norms and reducing the prevalence of FGM (Equality Now, 2019). The prevalence of FGM in the UK is a complex issue influenced by factors such as migration, regional concentration, age, cultural norms, legal frameworks, and community engagement. While there has been progress in understanding and addressing FGM, there is still work to be done to eliminate this harmful practice and provide comprehensive support to survivors.

Psychological Impact of FGM

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

One of the most significant psychological consequences of FGM is the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after experiencing a traumatic event (Behrendt & Moritz, 2005). FGM, often performed without anesthesia and in unsanitary conditions, is a deeply traumatic experience for young girls. Survivors of FGM may experience flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety related to their mutilation.

A study by Behrendt and Moritz (2005) found that women who had undergone FGM were more likely to develop PTSD symptoms compared to those who had not experienced it. This research highlights the long-lasting psychological impact of FGM on its survivors, even when they reside in countries where the practice is not prevalent.

Depression and Anxiety

In addition to PTSD, survivors of FGM are at a higher risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders. The physical and emotional pain associated with FGM can lead to chronic feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and fear. A study by Dawson and Dzimadzi (2017) conducted in the UK found that women who had undergone FGM were more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to a control group of women who had not been subjected to FGM.

These psychological disorders can have a profound impact on a woman’s overall well-being, affecting her ability to work, maintain healthy relationships, and engage in social activities.

Social Impact of FGM

Stigmatization and Isolation

Survivors of FGM often face stigmatization and social isolation. The secrecy surrounding the practice can make it difficult for survivors to share their experiences with others, even with close friends and family members. This isolation can lead to a sense of shame and alienation.

A study by Vloeberghs, Knipscheer, and van der Kwaak (2012) found that FGM survivors in the Netherlands reported feeling isolated and unable to discuss their experiences with anyone outside their community. Similar findings have been observed in the UK, where survivors may fear judgment and ostracism from their communities if they speak out against FGM.

Impact on Relationships and Marriage

The consequences of FGM can extend to survivors’ relationships and marital prospects. In some cases, FGM can lead to difficulties in sexual intercourse due to physical complications resulting from the procedure. This can strain relationships and cause marital discord.

Furthermore, FGM is sometimes seen as a prerequisite for marriage within practicing communities. Women who have not undergone FGM may face difficulties in finding a suitable partner, further exacerbating their social isolation and feelings of inadequacy.

 Interventions and Support Services

Recognizing the gravity of the psychological and social impact of FGM, various organizations and support services have been established in the UK to provide assistance to survivors. These organizations offer counseling, medical care, legal support, and educational resources to help survivors cope with the physical and emotional consequences of FGM.

One such organization is FORWARD, which focuses on raising awareness of FGM, providing support to survivors, and advocating for policy changes to end the practice. Other organizations, such as Daughters of Eve and the Orchid Project, also work towards eliminating FGM and supporting its survivors.

 Conclusion

Female Genital Mutilation has far-reaching psychological and social consequences for the women and girls who experience it, even when they reside in countries where the practice is not prevalent, such as the UK. The psychological impact includes the development of conditions like PTSD, depression, and anxiety, which can significantly affect a survivor’s quality of life (Behrendt & Moritz, 2005; Dawson & Dzimadzi, 2017). On the social front, survivors often face stigmatization, isolation, and difficulties in relationships and marriage (Vloeberghs, Knipscheer, & van der Kwaak, 2012).

Efforts to address these issues in the UK have included awareness campaigns, support services, and legal measures to prosecute those who perform FGM. However, there is still much work to be done to eradicate FGM and provide comprehensive support for survivors. It is essential for policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities to collaborate in ending this harmful practice and ensuring that survivors receive the care and assistance they need to heal and rebuild their lives.

References

Behrendt, A., & Moritz, S. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(5), 1000-1002.

Dawson, A., & Dzimadzi, C. (2017). Does female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) affect women’s sexual functioning? A systematic review of the sexual consequences of FGM/C. Sexuality Research and Social Policy Journal of NSRC, 14(1), 1-25.

NHS Digital. (2018). Female genital mutilation (FGM): annual report 2017-18. 

Vloeberghs, E., Knipscheer, J., & van der Kwaak, A. (2012). Female genital mutilation in the Netherlands: Prevalence, incidence, and determinants. Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie, 36(2), 87-95.

World Health Organization. (2018). Female genital mutilation (FGM).

FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTION (FAQ)

Q1: What is the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in the UK?

A1: The prevalence of FGM in the UK refers to the extent to which this practice is observed within the country. It is influenced by factors such as migration, regional concentration, cultural norms, and community engagement. Data from recent years indicates that FGM remains a concern in the UK, primarily due to immigration from countries where the practice is prevalent.

Q2: How are FGM cases in the United Kingdom tracked and reported?

A2: FGM cases in the UK are tracked and reported through various channels, including healthcare professionals who have a legal obligation to report cases they encounter. The National Health Service (NHS) Digital publishes annual reports on FGM, providing data and insights into the prevalence of the practice.

Q3: What are the regional trends in FGM concentration within the UK?

A3: FGM is not evenly distributed across the UK. London, in particular, has a higher concentration of FGM cases compared to other regions. Approximately half of all recorded FGM cases in the UK occur in London, reflecting the presence of diaspora communities from countries where FGM is practiced.

Q4: What legal framework exists in the UK to combat FGM?

A4: FGM has been illegal in the UK since 1985, and the law has been strengthened over the years. Legislation not only criminalizes performing FGM but also taking girls abroad for the procedure, known as “vacation cutting.” Healthcare professionals are also required to report FGM cases.

Q5: How can community engagement contribute to ending FGM in the UK?

A5: Community engagement is vital in changing social norms and reducing the prevalence of FGM. Various organizations and grassroots initiatives work to raise awareness, engage with affected communities, and provide support to those at risk and survivors. Community involvement is seen as essential in addressing the cultural and social factors that perpetuate FGM.

 

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