Overview
This week’s style is CLASSIFICATION, which is the most scientific style to write in because scientists must classify all things into the categories they fit into based on their characteristics. I’m certainly not a scientist, but all people do this without thinking too much. When we do the laundry, we separate our clothes according to the temperature they are to be washed in: dark colors–cold, whites are usually washed in hot, and so on. When we look at an animal in the zoo, we try to figure out what “family” it comes from: it is from the “cat family,” such as a lion, tiger, puma, leopard, or is from the “deer family,” such as an Ibex, antelope, and so forth. We are instinctively classifying by doing that.
I have added some information that will assist in the creation of a good college level essay. They concern the terms UNITY and PERSON. Unity is the term used to describe how tightly the ideas relate to the topic sentence and how tightly the paragraphs relate to the overall thesis statement. No “extra” ideas can be presented without prior introduction.
PERSON refers to the pronouns you use. Remember French or Spanish class? “I” is first person, “you” is second, and so on (see the info on Person in the Preview Lesson). I prefer some essays in the third person without them sounding too stuffy, so I’ll have some tips. Now that you are aware of unity and person, I’ll expect you to work on keeping papers unified and the Person under control. You will be expected to be improving your essays with these techniques, so the same quality of writing that received an A on your first essay will not receive an A on your 5th because you’ll know a great deal more by then.
Next week, we’ll discuss the concept of COHERENCE in your writing, and again, I’ll expect that you’ll keep that in mind as you write future papers as well. You will be juggling more and more balls in the air as you go, but that is the only way to improve your skills, whether you are a writer, tennis player, or doctor. As always, please E-mail me with questions.
Learning Object Info: Overview Type: HTML Submitted By: Meri Rogoff
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Presentation
Reading Assignment
Please read the section on Classification in your text. For next week’s essay, read about argumentative essays and the section about Parallelism in your text.
Learning Object Info: Reading Assignment Type: HTML Submitted By: Meri Rogoff
Unity
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DEFINING UNITY
In essence, if your essay is unified, your thesis statement covers everything that is in your essay, and there is no extra “stuff” that doesn’t fit within your thesis statement. Additionally, your paragraphs in the body aren’t unified if the topic sentence announces one thing, and then you have information in the paragraph that doesn’t fit there. Remember that a thesis statement is a promise to readers telling them what will follow, and a topic sentence announces what will be in that paragraph. You wouldn’t like a server in a restaurant telling you that the soup of the day is split pea and them bringing you chicken noodle! An essay that isn’t unified has lost focus and is usually a result of not organizing and mapping it out. If you try to just write it off the top of your head, it will rarely be unified. In-class or timed essays are likely to be less unified, so please briefly outline your topics on some scratch paper before you write. That five minutes or so can really make a difference.
EXAMPLES OF NON UNIFIED WRITING
Here are some examples of paragraphs that are NOT unified. See where they go wrong:
Example 1
I have always been interested in learning languages. My father is from Brazil, and my mother is from Mexico. At home, we would have a “Portuguese week” or “Spanish week,” and I was allowed to speak only the language that was “assigned” for that particular week. With friends in the neighborhood, I would speak English. Because of this situation, I speak three languages well. I am now studying French, and I hope to become fluent in that language as well. I do well in language classes, but I have trouble in chemistry and math. I plan to learn as many languages as I can and eventually to become a professional interpreter.
Everything looks fine until this writer discusses his trouble with chemistry and math. That phrase has nothing to do with the topic sentence “I have always been interested in learning languages.” The writer gets back on track in his concluding sentence, but there is still a brief lack of unity here.
Example 2
I like my girlfriend April because she is intelligent and very understanding. She received a 4.0 average in high school, and we often do our homework together because she can help me with my math. Whenever I have a personal problem, I can talk it over with her, and she tries to understand what is bothering me. We try to talk the whole situation over together, and then we reach a decision on how to handle the problem. She is really good looking, too. She has big, dark, beautiful eyes, long hair, and great legs. I feel she really cares for me, so I tell her everything. April is a very special person.
See what happened here? This young man got caught up in thinking about her looks and got off the subject of her PERSONALITY and INTELLIGENCE. The part about her looks does not fit the topic sentence, does it? There are many good details here, and description is a good writing technique, but the paragraph isn’t unified the way it is written. See below for a suggestion on repairing this paragraph.
In most cases, you will not be writing about topics such as these. They are a little simplistic. However, the concept of unity becomes even more crucial when you are discussing the root causes of a war for a history class or the process of conducting a scientific experiment for a chemistry class. So, in English 100, you must strive to keep all paragraphs, and therefore the essay unified, and get rid of the “weeds” so you can just see the literary “flowers.”
TWO WAYS TO REPAIR LACK OF UNITY
(1) In the first example, the paragraph lost its focus only briefly, and the rest of the paragraph is fairly complete. In this case, the best remedy is to remove the sentence entirely about chemistry and math. When you revise essays, look for sentences that don’t fit directly to your topic sentence. The sentence might be a topic sentence for a whole new paragraph if it is an important point that is relevant to your thesis. Often, though, it was just a random thought that shouldn’t be there.
(2) Occasionally, the thought can be incorporated by simply changing the topic sentence to “allow” you to mention it. If it is a brief but interesting point that might not need its own paragraph, go ahead and alter the topic sentence and then keep it in. Here’s the revision of the topic sentence in example 2: “I like my girlfriend April because she is intelligent, understanding, and beautiful.” Now, you have given yourself permission to talk about her looks, so the paragraph is unified.
So, either remove the unrelated details or modify the topic sentence so that your details belong and have a purpose.
Learning Object Info: Unity Type: HTML Submitted By: Meri Rogoff
Classification Essay
CLASSIFICATION
You will do a five paragraph minimum 1,000 word essay in the classification style.
Classification is a simple process we do every day. We sort out the laundry by grouping all the dark clothes, the white clothes, and the “medium” clothes. When we fill out a government form, occasionally we are asked whether we are Caucasian, Asian, or African-American. When we go to a restaurant, the waiter might ask whether we want a red wine, white, or rosé. These are all “types” or classifications of a larger group. Mathematically, we might call them subsets. In essay writing, we write about these classifications, sometimes called divisions. It is a scientific form of writing that takes an ability to outline before jumping into the drafting stages.
First, you select the main topic, such as CARS. Next, you pick a way to categorize cars, such as PRICE. Then, you divide the big topic into three categories, such as what KIND of cars could there be? Then, we begin to name specific kinds of cars within each category. Let’s do a diagram to show you how to go about this.
I. CARS—Way we are categorizing: PRICE
A. Paragraph 1 of Body: Expensive
§ Specific examples: Mercedes, Porsche, Rolls Royce.
§ Give information on each one and discuss expensive features that each one has, such as the type of expensive engine, comfort features, such as electric seat adjustments and temperature controls, and fine stereos
B. Paragraph 2 of Body: Moderate
§ Specific examples: Camry, Accord, Mazda 626.
§ Give details on the kinds of features these cars have in comparison to the expensive ones. What type of engine, seats, stereos, “extras” do they offer?
C. Paragraph 3 of Body: Cheap
§ Specific examples: Hyundai, Yugo, Honda Civic.
§ Give information on the inexpensive features. What is their stereo like, their seats, their engine, and so on.
Then, you construct your introduction and conclusion, and you are ready to start the refining process to finish up and hand it in!
REMEMBER: There must be the following parts to your essay:
1. Overall large category
2. Way of breaking down into three subcategories, such as Price
3. Three categories
4. Three examples for each category
5. Information that is similar for each example to the other categories.
You can do this in many ways. You can take the same category of CARS and do it another way:
I. CARS—Way we are categorizing: FUNCTION
A. Sports
§ Specific examples: Porsche, Ferrari, Jaguar.
§ Main features of this category: speed, “feel” of the car, engine features
B. Outdoor Activities
§ Specific Examples: Recreational vehicles such as Suburbans, Ford Expedition, Chevrolet Blazers.
§ Main feature of this group: hauling capacity, space inside of the car to put equipment, children, camping gear, sports gear, Items for driving long distance: built-in televisions and VCRs, ice chests, and so forth.
C. Luxury
§ Specific Examples: Lexus, Mercedes (top models), Lincoln Towncar.
§ Main features: luxuries such as electric seat adjustment, memorized presets for each driver, temperature controls for each passenger, leather interiors, deluxe stereos, and so on.
There are many other ways to break down a car classification. Just look up cars in a search on the Internet, and you’ll see many categories to choose from. The same can be done for almost any large category, even people. There are many types of people aside from ethnic groups. You can categorize people by personality, work habits, professions, styles of dress, and so forth. Pick a topic that interests you, and if you have a question as to how to organize it, let me know, and I’ll help steer you in the right direction.
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Choose a topic and write your own classification essay. Email me if you are not sure your idea is on the right track.
Suggestions: For all papers, give a minimum of two examples within each category and discuss their characteristics as they fit in the category. Do not just describe the category in general.
*** Please do NOT select Breakfast Foods as a topic. It is so overdone on the Internet.
1) Types of stores
2) Types of restaurants or bars
3) Types of movies, tv shows, or books. Could be broken down into categories such as dramas, cop shows, detective shows, news programs, dramas, children’s shows, sports shows, reality shows and so on
4) Types of animals (dogs, cats, birds, fish, and so on)
5) Types of sports (water sports, ball sports, field sports, and so on)
7) Types of clothing (work, dressy, casual, athletic…)
8) Types of food
9) Types of recreation
10) Types of attractions (zoos, museums, parks, amusement parks…)
11) Others? Ask to make sure you are on the right track.
Classification Examples #1
Cajun, Creole, and Soul Cooking by Nadine Anthony
Southern Louisiana is one of the most bountiful seafood areas in the world, rivaling Portugal, Spain, France, and Italy.New Orleans, in fact, has become the most cosmopolitan and sophisticated seafood center in the world today.Tourists and visitors from all over the world stream to the New Orleans Gulf state by the millions. As far back as 1856, William Thackeray wrote: “In New Orleans you can eat a bouillabaisse than which a better was never eaten in Marseilles.”The heights to which the Cajun, Creole, and Soul food cooks have brought the art of preparing these gifts of the sea are unsurpassed by any single country’s cuisine. A recipe is a poor dead thing.It’s the cook who takes the cold dead formula and twists and shapes it who is the true culinary artist, measuring in a palm or with a pinch rather than a teaspoon or tablespoon.No two of these cooks ever do any one thing just alike, or, for that matter, exactly the same way twice. Vague quantities are “a little, some more, enough.” If asking how long to cook it:”till it’s done.”Although many of these three cultures and cooking systems have become so intermingled, visitors find it difficult to tell them apart.However, native Louisianians will beg to differ.It is this diversity, along with their cultural differences, which culminate the backbone of Cajun, Creole, and Soul specialties.
First, the “melting pot” of Creoles resides mostly inner city surrounding the Gulf and Mississippi River.The Spanish word, Criollo, was transformed by the French into Creole.This came to signify just about everything that came from Louisiana, white, black, and mixed blood Creoles, “free people of color.” Creoles of New Orleans and their Creole cuisine stem from the French, Spanish, Indians, African-Americans, Germans, Irish, Italian, and a variety of descendants from the islands of the West Indies and Caribbean.Broken or slain French is commonly spoken among elderly Creoles.The visual architecture ranges from a French city of cottages, wooden houses, and plantation homes, to a Spanish city of heavily walled brick houses, tiled roofs, wide arches, and spacious patios and courtyards.The focal center of Creole existence is la famille.All of life rotates around the family. Their social lives include continuous celebrations, banquets, balls, parades, and displays of pomp and circumstance. Most are deeply religious within the Catholic Church and strong believers in higher education.Skilled in masonry, carpentry, or prominent as doctors, lawyers, dentists, artists, writers, and musicians.Creole dishes are plentiful in freshly chopped herbs including onion, green onion, bell pepper, parsley, thyme, bay leaves, garlic, and on occasion, sassafras (filé). Creole dishes primarily offer seafood in some form – shrimp, crabs, oysters, crawfish, and saltwater fishes.The most famous dish is a pot of gumbo.The aforementioned seafood along with a variety of bite-size pork, beef, and chicken portions, combine with a dark brown roux to create one hell of a stew. Second to gumbo, is jambalaya.Contents mirror that of gumbo, with the replacement of a tomato sauce in a smaller quantity than the roux, thus creating a hearty “fried-rice” type dish. My favorite is any dish containing crawfish: crawfish bisque (red gravy), étouffée (brown gravy), boiled, fried, or stuffed in green peppers.Since New Orleans does everything with flair and gusto, it earned the distinctive title and commonly referred to as “The City That Care Forgot.” Whether it’s the sounds of smooth relaxing jazz or down-home dirty blues, an old Creole proverb aptly applies:”C’est bon comme la vie” – It’s as good as life itself.
Also important were the Acadians of Nova Scotia whom we commonly refer to as the Cajuns of Louisiana.The name Akkad is derived from an Algonquin Indian word, the name of a small river on the peninsula. The Acadians were strongly French, Catholic, and proud. Cajun cuisine stems from the French and Spanish settlers who contributed hot peppers and vibrant spices.Cajuns can be found predominantly down in the bayou country, along the southernmost Mississippi and “Acadian Coast”, and along the swampy marshland parishes. Cajuns carved pirogues out of cypress logs to travel up and down a-visiting their “cousines down de bayou.”Although mostly isolated, the Cajuns call everybody cousin.Skilled as hunters, trappers, and fishermen, their rural cottages and shacks were among the fresh and saltwater fishes, plus turtles, frogs, rabbits, deer, raccoons, alligator, wild turkey, duck and geese.Creative in their husky country cooking, Cajuns are both rich and rambunctious. Less inhibited and more daring and inventive, Cajuns use more!More variety of meat selections, more spices, more herbs, more hot peppers, more rice, and more gusto.Some of the greatest dishes of Cajun origin include frog legs piquante, turtle soup, turtle stew, barbecued deer and alligator, and rice sausage. Cajun zydeco musicians provide music for dance. Their melodic, hard-driven beat bounces, jumps, swings and sways, laughs and cries, making even conventional jazz bands seem slow.
Equally important are the Soul and foods contributed by African-Americans. These free people of color are descendants of slaves. These African-Americans sharecroppers cleared the plantations, worked them, made the bricks, forged and cast the wrought iron and cast iron balconies, and built the mansions in the French Quarter.The women were cooks in private homes, in restaurants, on plantations, as well as in their own homes.To the herbs and spices of Cajuns and Creoles, they added a big dash of Love, what is known today as “soul.” In some old Creole families, the black cook was considered a member of la famille.When she died, she was buried in the family tomb in St. Louis Cemetery.Like the Creoles, African-Americans held the family first.They lived in quarters on plantations or on the outskirts of town in small flats. Although African-Americans also hunted, they grew most of what they ate.Crops included mostly vegetables and grains.The inexpensive but tasty soul foods provided by the African-Americans include hominy grits, cornbread, chitterlings, black-eye peas, and a variety of prepared beans, including red-beans and rice. Frying is the preference of preparation for seafood and meats.The African-American music combines the Creole and Cajun melodies for a more rounded, and often a spiritual sound.
While many may believe southern cooking and southern people are all the same, they are all quite different.Culturally and physically, they certainly bear their own identities.Visiting Louisiana can be quite an experience.Selecting food is easy – seafood.Selecting which type is a matter of preference, whether its Creole, Cajun, or Soul food.They are all deliciously wonderful!Sit back, relax and do as they say in New Orleans, “Let the good times roll.”
Classification Examples #2
Learning to prepare different types of authentic food is a special hobby of mine. Over the past twenty years, I have learned different ways to cook a variety of food. I have also learned that the fresher the ingredient, the better the meal turns out. My favorite types of cooking are Philippine, Thai, and Indian. These authentic foods are recognized by their own distinct aroma. I find that when learning to cook a certain type of food, it is best to learn from someone of that nationality. By learning this way, special secrets and techniques are taught as well. If that is not possible, learning from a friend who was taught from a person of that nationality is just the same. The other fascinating way of learning to cook authentic foods is by taking a cooking class. I have discovered that using any of these methods is far better than learning how to cook authentic foods from a cookbook. There are many methods of learning to cook Philippine, Thai, and Indian cuisine, and the outcome can be very rewarding.
Cooking Philippine dishes can be very easy and quite delicious when prepared properly. For example, I had to break the language barrier with my Filipina teacher. My informal cooking class lasted for two years because I was stationed in the Philippines as an Air Traffic Controller from 1987 to 1989. My maid, Rena, taught me how to cook Filipina dishes. Because of the language barrier, none of my dishes would turn out how they were supposed to. Many meals were very disgusting. Sometimes they were just thrown away. Once we overcame the language barrier, learning the right ingredients got easier and less food was thrown out. After work, I would go with Rena to the local market and purchase all the fresh ingredients, except the meat, for the meal we were to prepare. I purchase all the meat on base because there is no refrigeration at the local market. We would bring the food back to the house and start preparing the meal. All the ingredients are cut into bite size pieces, and that is very time consuming. Most importantly, the vegetables are required to be cut at a diagonal rather than straight. Rena is very adamant about this step. Many of the required ingredients are soy sauce, fish sauce, oyster sauce, and clam sauce. We also use a variety of spices that are not hot. Soy sauce is always used and will remain on the table throughout the day because that particular condiment is used on everything, especially rice. Rice is a main part of every meal, including breakfast. I thoroughly enjoyed my cooking lessons from Rena. My favorite recipe from her is Chicken Adobo and Fried Rice. Whenever I need to bring a dish to a pot luck dinner, I am very happy to bring a tasty Philippine dish to share.
In addition to Philippine cooking, I enjoy learning to make Thai dishes. When Thai food is properly prepared, the kitchen develops this wonderful, sweet aroma that can only come from Thai cooking. My favorite Thai dishes are any type of curry. In the same way that I learned to cook Philippine dishes, I was taught to cook Thai dishes. My husband’s co-workers have Thai spouses named Nim and Mam; we became good friends. They taught me the proper way to prepare Thai dishes. Just as with Philippine dishes, Thai cooking is best with fresh ingredients. Both Nim and Mam grow their own herbs in their back yards. Each of them grows lemon grass, basil, chives, coriander, and other herb they constantly use. Our neighbor has a kaffir lime tree in her back yard, so we have access to an endless supply of kaffir leaves. Different types of curry are used in many dishes. There are two ways in which to add curry to the recipes. One way is to start from scratch and make curry with a variety of spices. The other way is to buy the curry already made. Curry can either be bought in a powder or a paste. For Thai cooking, I prefer the paste because it brings a fresher taste to the dish. As with the Philippine dishes, cutting the vegetables at a diagonal is the proper way to prepare the vegetables. Taking the time to properly prepare Thai food has its rewards. The satisfaction of Thai cooking is not only in eating the wonderful meal, but enjoying the aroma as well.
Just as with Thai cooking, Indian recipes use different types of curry. Learning how to cook Indian recipes from a few different sources is very encompassing. While in Malaysia, I cooked many Indian dishes with the wife of my husband’s driver, Cam. She spoke fluent English, so there was no language barrier, and her cooking was extraordinary. Her method of cooking used all powdered curries which are red, yellow, and green. Every meat, vegetable, or rice has a type of curry mixed with it. My favorite recipe I learned from Cam is Rojan Josh, a lamb dish. As well as learning from Cam, I was fortunate to take an Indian cooking class in Singapore. This way of learning was not nearly as fun as having my own personal teacher. There were six students to one chef, and the personal one on one was not there. However, the recipes are excellent, and we ate everything that we made. It seems that curry powder is a key ingredient in the way most Indian meals are prepared. The trick is not to put too much curry powder in the meals. While on Guam, my friend Wendy gave me a few tips on Indian cooking. When she was living in England, she learned how to cook from her Indian friend, and the recipes were just like Cam’s. My favorite dish that Wendy taught me is the Madras Beef Curry with Spinach Dhal and Naan. Just as with Philippine and Thai dishes, most foods are cut into bite sized pieces to give the dish an appealing look. As I think back to the different people that taught me how to prepare authentic Indian meals, I am very fortunate to have learned many different recipes from a hodgepodge of people.
Because I have learned to cook authentic foods in a variety of ways, I have learned many authentic secrets. The preparation of food for Philippine, Thai, and Indian dishes is the same since most of the ingredients need to be sliced diagonally or cut into small, bite sized pieces. If I want to cook a dish that is not spicy, I will make a type of Philippine dish. When I want something with a little spicy kick to it, I will make a Thai dish. If I have friends that love hot and spicy foods, I will really spice up the Indian dishes. Just as with any recipe, there is always room to make some adjustments. The key to making an adjustment is by understanding how a certain spice will affect the taste. It doesn’t matter what method is used when learning to cook authentic cuisine, as long as the end result is a culinary delight.
Classification Examples #3
GIFTS by Phyllis McClellan
That time of year is almost here again. The malls are packed, delivery people and postal employees work overtime to deliver holiday packages, and everyone is getting a little stressed out.Much of this holiday anxiety revolves around gift giving.The season fills the masses with a generous spirit and motivates loved ones and not-so-loved ones to shower gifts upon each other.The good intentions and “goodwill towards men” are often overshadowed and overwhelmed by the anxiety of picking out the perfect gift.The selection of gifts, whether practical, fun and whimsical, or meaningful, can be overwhelming during the holiday season.
Many people opt for bestowing useful and practical gifts upon their friends and family.Givers of such gifts are usually more pleased with their selections than the recipients are.All children dread the prospect of opening up socks and underwear on Christmas morning.The standard shirt and/or tie for Dad, brother, Grandfather, Uncle, and so on, is usually settled on after nothing else can be found.”I’ll just get him a shirt” is a common refrain heard echoing through the malls. Appliances are a practical gift loathed by almost all women. They are especially offensive as gifts from spouses.While many times they are needed additions to the home, the sentiment is clouded by the implication of housework.Gifts of music, books, videos, and home décor also are practical, but quite risky. The giver is always at risk of offending the recipient’s taste or duplicating items given by others or already owned. Money is also a very practical gift, but it lacks the personal touch of actually agonizing over the gift selection.This seems to be the preferred gift of the old, the infirm and the lazy. It lacks the sentiment of a carefully selected personal gift, but it does get the recipient off the hook for feigning delight over a less welcome gift.No one ever has to “act” grateful for a gift of cash.Practical gifts are well intentioned, but along with fun and whimsical gifts, they are the domain of the unimaginative.
Fun and/or whimsical gifts are sometimes purchased as a last resort by shoppers anxious to cross names of their lists.Many of these gifts are obvious tokens, given only because protocol dictates an offering. These gifts are usually received with as little enthusiasm as they were selected.Many of the givers have simply fallen victim to this style of gift because they are purchasing for “the person who has everything”.This person probably doesn’t have “everything”, but who has time to come up with something original for someone whose needs and desires are unknown?These “fun” gifts can range from stuffed animals, popular cartoons depicted in a variety of calendars, mugs, and T-shirts, and obviously age-inappropriate gifts. Trendy items, such as pet rocks, mood rings, Yamaguchies, Beanie Babies, and Chia pets are popular selections for “the person who has everything”.Among the most obnoxious of gifts are the musical Christmas trees and other statuary that gyrate to the beat and anything that repeats the same saying over and over again.Whimsical gifts of holiday decorations and cute sayings on shirts, mugs and wall plagues are seldom matched appropriately to the recipient.With the exception of the most offbeat people on the holiday list, most will not receive whimsical gifts with the adoration of more meaningful gifts.
Meaningful gifts are the most appreciated and can best be judged by how good they make the giver feel to give.These are the gifts reserved for our most cherished loved ones.Gifts of this nature are usually carefully planned and selected, and usually the gift giver is as excited about giving the gift as the recipient is about receiving it. Trips to exotic vacation destinations, jewelry, and automobiles are among the most opulent gifts one could give or receive. If the giver’s budget allows, these can be very meaningful to the recipient.Not everyone can afford such extravagant gifts, and price certainly does not dictate how well a gift will be received. The addition to a revered collection, or a needed tool for a favorite hobby can be every bit as treasured as more lavish gifts when they are selected carefully and thoughtfully.A cherished family heirloom or a framed photograph of a distant loved one can bring much joy.Handmade and home baked items can be meaningful if made especially for a loved one.Many of the most meaningful gifts are those that don’t cost a dime.A visit or a phone call can mean the world to an elderly friend or relative and a genuine compliment can mean the world to an insecure friend. Anything that conveys genuine generosity,interest, and love is usually received as a very meaningful gift.
While some people seem to always give the most appropriate gifts, many of the rest of us struggle with our selections every year.Finding the right gifts for the important people in our lives can create a lot of anxiety.While we all set out to find meaningful gifts, seldom are we successful.We often resort to the old standbys or silly gifts in an attempt to cover our gift-giving ineptitude. In our haste to conform and to please, we often perpetuate the materialism of the world and mitigate the real essence of gift giving. We often forget that it really is the thought that counts!
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