1. In endurance-trained athletes, the hematocrit can be lower than normal because plasma volume increases more than red blood cell numbers increase. Explain why this condition would be beneficial.
2. As blood vessels increase in diameter, the amount of smooth muscle decreases and the amount of connective tissue increases. Explain why. (Hint: Remember Laplace’s law.)
3. A patient is suffering from edema in the lower right limb. Explain why massage helps remove the excess fluid.
4. A very short nursing student is asked to measure the blood pressure of a very tall person. She decides to measure the blood pressure at the level of the tall person’s foot while he is standing. What artery does she use? After taking the blood pressure, she decides that the tall person is suffering from hypertension because the systolic pressure is 200 mm Hg. Is her diagnosis correct? Why or why not?
5. Mr. D. was suffering from severe cirrhosis of the liver and hepatitis. He developed severe edema over a period of time. Explain how decreased liver function can result in edema.
6. During hyperventilation, carbon dioxide is “blown off,” and carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. What effect does this decrease have on blood pressure? Explain. What symptoms do you expect to see as a result?
7. Epinephrine causes vasodilation of blood vessels in cardiac muscle but vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin. Explain why this is a beneficial arrangement.
8. One cool evening, Skinny Dip jumps into a hot Jacuzzi. Predict what will happen to Skinny’s heart rate.
9. Why is it so important, that blood pressure readings are performed on the same arm in the same position? What is orthostatic hypertension?
Please put the name of the vascular structure in the subject line of your message for question # 10
10. Pick a major artery in the body, and name all branches it gives off and body regions they supply with blood.
11. There are several special areas in the body to which blood flows. Choose one special area and explain how this area could have an imbalance or irregularity. Consider end arteries, and portal blood flow systems, as well as large capillary beds.
12. Think about a time when you or someone you know experienced an imbalance in one of the special areas identified. What were the results of the imbalance and how did it affect the body’s overall function?
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