I will upload file the writer has to read it. Then, follow the steps to write about it. After that,the writer has to write her or his Discussion. Also, The writer has to write the response for student 1. write it around 175words .
*Readings:
Shafritz I – Chapter 2
Shafritz II – The Science of “Muddling Through” by Charles E. Lindblom (p. 159)
Shafritz II – How Does and Idea’s Time Come? Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies by John W. Kingdon (p. 454)
Learning Objectives:
Identify the concept of public policy.
Distinguish public policy from public administration and explain the linkage between the two.
Explain how public policy is made in a democratic republic like the United States alongside the core organizing principles of US as set forth in the Constitution.
Identify and explain the five key stages of the policymaking process: agenda setting, decision making implementation, evaluation, and feedback.
When you finish it, write your response for student 1
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This is the example for the answer for student 1 the writer has to write my discussion like it .The discussion for student 1, ( The writer has to write response for it). Around 100
In Muddling Through by Lindblom, he sets out a rather complex process of how the public policy process goes about. Lindblom talks about how policy makers set about making a list of all values and objectives when it comes to a particular policy issue. These policy makers attempt to identify all the solutions that may or are available and take these under consideration. The policy makers then set about selecting the option that is of the most value to satisfying all the objectives in the policy they are trying to address. Lindblom points out that this is very difficult and time consuming for policy makers to do as the process is very time consuming to account for all variables that are going to be affected. Lindblom points out that policy makers instead go about policy making in terms of branching out from current policy. They branch out from what current policy is in effect making a change but building off what policy is already in effect. Policy makers do this rather than rooting or go to the root of the policy and starting from scratch with an entirely new policy that gets at the root of the problem with the policy they are addressing.
Kingdon sets out in his article about how policy issues and agenda setting come to be. Kingdon articulates how a “policy window” is when a policy maker actually begins to focus on a problem. According to Kingdon, most policy proposals do not come to be until a problem is presented that needs to be addressed. Bringing light to a policy that needs to be addressed comes from actors in the field that draw light on the subject such as activist groups.
I think that a strong example of Kingdon’s method in affect would be the campaign of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). The group has been a strong activist towards laws and regulations in regards to drunk driving across the United States. This group is not a governmental agency but their strong push regarding policy for drunk driving has brought the issue into light forcing policy makers to look at strategies and policies to combat the issue. Combined with Lindblom’s method, policy makers have branched off current policy regarding laws relating to drunk driving and made new policy to appease the group. Ultimately it appears our current policy makers still act under the method that Lindblom argues due to the fact that they do not want to disturb the status quo as they are most often elected officials and have to gain support from their constituents in order to pass new policy. By using Lindblom’s branching method, they appear to be taking action on an issue when in reality they are just developing from an already in place policy.
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