Explain the difference between a necessary and a sufficient cause. Give an example of each from the criminal justice literature.

Give a hypothetical situation that would lend itself to a cross-sectional study. What would be the research purpose in your hypothetical situation? Why would your example not lend itself to a longitudinal approach?

Describe the three criteria for causality. Give an example of each using the same hypothesis.

Explain the difference between a necessary and a sufficient cause. Give an example of each from the criminal justice literature.

The authors of the textbook present terms that are used in theory construction. Some of those terms are concepts, variables, statements and hypotheses. Explain how those words are related to one another. Use a specific theory to illustrate the relationship. In other words, identify a theory; from that theory identify a concept and variables. From those variables develop a statement and a hypothesis.

Suppose a large number of subjects dropped out of the experimental condition – they stopped staying after school to watch movies on crime. What problems would this introduce in reaching a conclusion about the effect of the movies?

Suppose that on the posttest there was no difference in criminal behavior between experimental and control groups – individuals in both groups were extremely low in criminal behavior. In addition there was no change between the pretest and posttest for individuals in either group. Would this indicate that the movie had no effect on criminal behavior? Why or why not?

Textbook
Babbie Earl (2012) The practice of Social Research 13th ed. Thomson Wadsworth: Cenage Learning

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