What are two categories of geoengineering that are most prevalent in discussion with the scientific community? How can geoengineering lead to more risks?
Greenhouse gas emissions are a major contributor to global warming. In efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, geoengineering has evolved. Geoengineering is defined as “the deliberate manipulation of the climate system” (Kauffman 543). This manipulation is often done using technology. The purpose of geoengineering is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emission restricted in the atmosphere that is contributing to the rising temperatures. The two main types of geoengineering that have been studied and discussed in the science community are solar radiation and carbon dioxide management.
Solar radiation management attempts to reflect solar radiation out of the Earth’s atmosphere whereas it is currently trapped within the Earth’s atmosphere. As described by Kauffman, there are several ways this could be accomplished. Particles can be injected into the atmosphere that would reflect solar radiation. Another way is by increasing the brightness of clouds or altering the cloud patterns. Solar radiation is only a temporary solution, and this geoengineering approach does not consider all the problems associated with carbon dioxide. Air and ocean water would still be affected resulting in no ultimate solution.
The second type of geoengineering is carbon removal and sequestration. This concept involves going into the atmosphere and capturing excess carbon and removing it. Scientists have considered putting the excess carbon underground. Removing carbon from the atmosphere and sequestration is not as dangerous as solar radiation management.
Sabin
# 2- kyoto protocol
kyoto protocol
COLLAPSE
The Kyoto Protocol is an important landmark in international community in response to climate change and. It is an international treaty that was negotiated in December 1997 in the city of Kyoto, Japan. However, the negotiations came into effect on February 16, 2005. The Kyoto Protocol is basically a commitment from the countries to control the greenhouse gas emission in each country.
The main motto of the Kyoto protocol is to mitigate ozone layer depletion by decreasing the six major green house gases (GHG) emission such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and perflurocarbons. The treaty also established an international trading system, which allowed countries to earn credits toward their emission target by investing in emission cleanups outside their own country. 192 parties including 39 industrial countries have accepted to meet the commitment, and ratify the treaty of Kyoto protocol. However, countries like China and India were exempt from the treaty, and countries like USA and Canada dropped out of the treaty.
The United States under President George W. Bush was one of the few countries that refused to join the Kyoto Protocol. The United States defended its position of not joining Kyoto Protocol stating that it would impact the economic development of the nation by causing high energy prices. Another reason was the Kyoto Protocol exempted India and China, who are major contenders in greenhouse emission, and are economic competitors of United States.
# 3-
Yubina
The Kyoto Protocol
COLLAPSE
The Kyoto protocol is an international mitigation effort to control the carbon emission in the Earth’s atmosphere. The principle of Kyoto protocol was first conceived in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan after realizing the industrial effects in the Earth’s atmosphere. Later in 2005, it officially came into action. As of 2014, 39 industrial countries have accepted to meet the commitment, and ratify the treaty of Kyoto protocol.
The main motto of the Kyoto protocol is to decrease the six major anthropogenic origin green house gases (GHG) emission such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, and perflurocarbons which have capacity to alter the ozone layer. Under the Kyoto protocol, the participating ratify countries should meet the certain target of green house gas emission.
Under the Kyoto protocol, the ratifying countries are further divided into two categories, developed countries and developing countries. The developed countries are bound to reduce the GHG emission to the specific target. In contrast, the developing countries such as India and China are exempt from obligating the protocol. They produce huge amounts of GHG for the economic development.
The United State (US) under President Bush administration ignored the Kyoto protocol. President Bush realized that the treat of Kyoto protocol would be costly to the economic development of the country. As the economic rivals such as China and India are producing huge amount of GHG emission without any penalty, US need to compete with them by developing the industrial sector. Thus, the US did not ratify the e Kyoto protocol.
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