Discuss the causes and effects of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Please answer each question one page each, you could include intervention too

1) A patient is admitted to the Emergency Department with Diabetic Ketoacidosis. The main pathophysiological consequences of DKA are hyperglycaemia, hypovolaemia,

ketoacidosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Using a mindmap or concept map relate the

patient’s clinical assessment findings and changes in blood biochemistry to the

pathophysiology of DKA.

RR 34/min; HR 130/min; BP 85/50mmHg; U/A Glucose ++++ Ketones ++++;

ABG’s pH 7.15; PaCO2 22mmHg; PaO2 98mmHg; HCO3 9mmol/L

Na+ 152mmol/L (137 – 146mmol/L); K+ 6 mmol/L (3.5-5mmol/L);

Cl- 110mmols/L (95-105mmol/L); Glucose 32mmol/L;

Urea 16mmol/L (3.0 – 8.5mmol/L); Creatinine 2.4mmol/L (0.04 – 0.10mmol/L)

Osmolality 322mosm/L (275 – 295mosm/L)

2) A patient is admitted for acute exacerbation of heart failure. Using a mindmap or

concept map relate the patient’s clinical assessment findings and ABGs to the

pathophysiology of heart failure.

RR 28/min; SpO2 92%, HR 118/min(irregular); BP 110/70mmHg; raised JVP;

crackles on chest auscultation; decreased urine output; peripheral oedema;

ABG’s pH 7.47; PaCO2 33mmHg; PaO2 62mmHg; HCO3 24mmol/L

3) A patient has experienced an ischaemic stroke involving the left middle cerebral

artery. Using a mindmap or concept map relate the patients clinical assessment

findings to the pathophysiology of left middle artery stroke.

RR 23/min; SpO2 98%; BP 165/100mmHg; HR 160(irregular); temp 38.5oC;

BGL 12mmol/L; Right facial droop; paralysis and parasthesia of right arm, dysphagia,

aphasia.

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