MATTER:
Mascetta, J.A. “How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry.” New York, Barron’s Educational Series Early 2002. Print
According to (Mascetta 1), matter can be defined as anything which has a mass and occupies space. The mass of a substance is basically the quantity of matter which a substance has. Weight on the other hand is not constant and usually varies unlike mass. Inertia is a unique property in matter that allows them to resist change or any motion. The relationship of a mass to a volume is called density.
Matter usually exists in three unique states namely, solid, gas and liquid. These states can at times interchange mainly depending on the addition or subtraction of heat energy applied to them. For example, ice is matter in solid state, when heat is applied; it changes to liquid state and can further change to steam (gas).Matter is composed of tiny atoms or molecules depending on the state the matter are in. These atoms can further be broken down to protons, neutrons and electrons. Physical properties are the tangible and observable features on matter. For example the color, taste, smell and the boiling point of a matter. Chemical properties involve a certain matter reacting with other substances. For example when iron rusting when exposed to moist air.
Matter can neither be destroyed nor created; however, it can change its form and shape. This means that when chemicals react, the resultant mass is equal to the mass of the reactants. This is a unique feature since it allows for matters to exist over for a long time in the world. The term matter is used differently in the many different fields of science. These meanings are usually incompatible making it hard to have a universally accepted meaning of matter. When matters react, they can form substances which do not resemble the original reactants. For instance when oxygen and hydrogen both in gaseous state react they form water a liquid (Mascetta 5).
HUMAN POPULATION:
Tabor, E. “Emerging Viruses in Human Populations.” Elsevier: Early 2007: 161-177. Print.
The world’s population has always been on the rise each year. It is estimated that the current population is about 7.123 billion. However this large population has been facing many challenges biologically. Diseases have been affecting many people worldwide across all the continents causing death and suffering. Several factors have been put forward the main contributors of the growth of human population. Mortality, fertility and the initial population are the main catalysts here.
This alarming human population has had a negative effect on the environment. This is because the growth of humans has surpassed its ability to feed itself. Global warming and the rise of carbon dioxide levels have affected the quality of air we breathe.
The human population has been affected by viruses and strange emerging clinical conditions. These viruses have threatened the very existence of human life. HIV/AIDS have impacted on people in terms of massive deaths and loss of human labor. This disease has made nations invest heavily in getting a cure for it. Other diseases that have been experienced by human population especially in the 21st century include tuberculosis, hepatitis C. (Tabor, 8). Research has been put in place in the detection and possible control on these viruses. However, very few results have been yielded so far. This has made the only way to be prevention as the safest way to avoid such diseases.
Through science, antiviral therapy has been developed and is used in many places in the world (Tabor, 10). Getting this medicine has been a challenge and rather expensive to many people making it available to the reach. This is common especially in the underdeveloped countries who can’t afford the medicine.
FOOD RESOURCES:
Engeln D.O “The Worlds Food Resources”. Journal of American Geographical Society (2000):170-190.
According to Engeln 2007, there is a great need for food resources to be preserved in order to cater for the human population. The human population’s ever rising challenge is ensuring constant and regular food supply is crucial. Several methods should be put in place in order to ensure this is achieved. It is important to ensure that the geographical areas that support agriculture are extended. This can be done by means of land reclaiming and desert irrigation. Importantly also is to ensure that yields per acre are also increased. Mainly it can be achieved through adoption of perennial crops and plant breeding in order to develop better and higher yields.
New innovations also should come in handy in promoting easier and faster means of producing food (Engeln 172). Countries should stop the over reliance of foreign food aid and concentrate on producing their own as well as for export. Drastic measures should be taken considering that most of the world’s population is starved and malnourished.
The human body requires a well balanced diet in order to allow it perform all its biological functions. The two sources of food are animal agriculture and crop cultivation. Different places within the world prefer certain food elements to others. For example in Asia the staple food is rice. Producing food is usually a process which involves various techniques and means in order to achieve the required quality and quantity. Food wastage is one of the ways in which such losses on food can be regulated. Marketing food should also be prioritized in order to maximize on the available food. Education should be provided on farmers on the best means of food production such as extensive farming and mixed farming (Engeln 178).
GLOBAL WARMING:
Goldstein N. “Global Warming.” New York InfoBase 7th Jan 2009. Print.
Human activities have caused a sharp rise in the world’s average temperature. Global warming is the term coined with this result. It is caused by a number of factors like increased greenhouse gases. These gases usually come from deforestation and the continuous burning of fossils. Global warming has been a subject of discussion especially coming to the 21st century where industries and technology have experienced an enormous transformation.
The impacts caused by global warming have drastic effects on the lives of humans and the entire universe. For example the change in climate condition, drought and extreme weather conditions have been experienced globally. These have in turn caused food shortages and low crop yields (Archer, p.86).
Measures have been put in place in order to reverse the trend. These are mitigation efforts that aim at reducing emissions and having an easy adaptation to the current situation. Mitigation involves proper energy conservation and making it efficiency. Other methods that have been embraced include use of nuclear energy sources as well as renewable energy sources.
This controversial issue has been approached differently by different nations in the world. Many countries have thus joined the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The main goal of this organization is to prevent any dangerous human activity that interferes with the climate system in the world. This has led to more information being relayed to people and educate them on the need of preserving the environment (Archer, p.91). It’s important to conserve the environment and adoption of sustainable developments in order to reduce global warming.
WATER
Cosgrove W. J & Rijsberman, F. R. “World Water Vision: Making Water everybody’s Business.” UK. Earthscan 4th April 2000. Print.
Water is simply a chemical compound formed when two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom connected by covalent bonds react. This two gases form water a liquid which is essential to animals and plants for life support. Evidently, water covers a very large part of the earth at 71%. Most of the water worldwide is either inaccessible or unsafe for consumption. Water is formed through means of evaporation and transpiration processes.
Water is important and is used in agricultural operations as irrigation for crops. Apart from that water is used in industries for cooling machines and other processing reasons. Humans also use it in their daily lives for domestic purposes like drinking, cooking washing and as a means of transportation (Cosgrove & Rijsberman p.7). People have been able to commercialize on water by tapping spring water as bottled water.
Water has been considered by many religions worldwide as a purifier. Also it has been associated with rituals performed by these religious groups like cleansing of people. In the large field of philosophy, water was considered to be one of the four classical elements together with earth, air and fire. Most philosophers believed that everything comes from water.
There has been water shortages in the world making many people around the globe lack this important commodity. This extreme scarcity of water is caused by increased pollution on water masses as well as climate change. Deaths and even wars have been experienced in the relation to water masses. There is an important need therefore to conserve water as a resource in order to maximize on its proper use. Legislative laws should be embraced as well as environmental friendly policies.
AIR
Reitze A.W. “Air Pollution Control Law: Compliance and Enforcement.” Environmental Law Institute. Washington DC: 11th September. 2001: p 200. Print.
All human beings, plants and animals need air for survival. This important commodity is crucial in supporting lives and photosynthesis processes. Air contains components like nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. Those gases vary in percentage with oxygen and nitrogen being in plenty. Air contains a variable amount of water vapor. Air as contained in the atmosphere exists in different levels. This atmospheric stratification is in 5 main layers as exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere (Reitze 385).
Air supports combustion. This allows humans to burn fuels making them cook their food and keeping warm too. The ozone gas protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Also the nitrogen found in air is important for plants growth. In order for plants to make their own food they need carbon dioxide which is present in air.
Unfortunately, the air we breathe is contaminated by the release of toxics into the air. The causes of air pollution can be as a result of both human and natural actions. Volcanic eruptions and evaporation of certain organic elements are as a result of natural pollution. Human efforts involve emissions from industries, the burning of fossils and use certain household and farming chemicals. This pollution causes the air to be unfit for humans to breathe. In addition to that it causes rain acidification and eutrophication of rivers (Reitze 33).
Air offers a wide range to humans such as transport so measures should be put in place to prevent further release of toxics. These efforts should begin from household level to international level in forming environmental friendly policies.
ENERGY
Nelson V. “Introduction to Renewable Energy.” USA CRC Press: 2nd Dec. 2011: 11-34. Print.
Energy as defined in physics is usually one of the basic properties which describe it quantitatively. Energy is neither destroyed nor created, however it can be transformed from one element to another. Energy contains various forms which include radiant energy, kinetic energy and electromagnetic energy. Potential energy is the energy in a substance depending on its position. Since not all the energy in a substance can be transferred, the remaining part is called available energy (Nelson p 13).
In order to survive, all living things require energy: gotten through food and oxygen in facilitation of metabolic activity. Biologically, energy is stored within the cells of human beings. It is stored in various forms as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Energy is important in humans since it allows them to do work.
Living things usually have to rely on an external source of energy which comes from the sun. Food together with oxygen taken by humans is broken down as glucose. These molecules are again oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the mitochondria. Fat comes as a result of the remaining chemical energy. It has been found out that simple organisms can easily acquire higher energy in comparison to the bigger and complex organisms.
Some energy can take reversible transformation while others can’t. In reversible transformation, dissipation occurs making it easy for the energy to be reversed back to its original quality. Therefore it is important to make use of energy sources as well as maximizing on the available energy. Renewable sources of energy should be tapped more to ensure the nonrenewable ones are not depleted (Nelson p 16).
CLIMATE
McAdam, J. “Climate Change: Forced Migration and International Law.” Oxford University Press New York 8th Dec 2010.
Climate can be described as the different variation on factors such as wind, atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature over a long period of time. Its important to note that climate and weather are different in that climate is usually after a short period of time on these factors. Different places have different climates depending mainly on their altitude, latitude and the proximity to water sources.
Climate system of a place is composed of certain element such as land surface, biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere. Climate change usually occurs when some of these elements are altered with. These changes in climate however, occur after a long period of time. Drastic climatic change can occur through variations in light intensity and certain human efforts (McAdam 163).
Other factors that have been linked to weather changes include continental drift and certain changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Use of aerosols by humans has even caused more harm to the environment and the air as well. This is because the release of toxic gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has caused depletion of the ozone layer.
Climate influences many things in human including the type of food people eat. Also housing and the kind of dressing is different for people depending on their climatic conditions. For example, people living in the desert will in turn live differently from those in the cold North Pole (McAdam 241).
The preservation of climate globally is important and takes collective efforts. Reforestation should be introduced in areas where tresses have been cut. This will make the carbon dioxide levels go down hence a favorable climate.
Works Cited
Cosgrove W. J & Rijsberman, F. R. “World Water Vision: Making Water everybody’s Business.” UK. Earthscan 4th April 2000. Print.
Engeln D.O “The Worlds Food Resources”. Journal of American Geographical Society (2000):170-190.
Goldstein N. “Global Warming.” New York InfoBase 7th Jan 2009. Print.
Mascetta, J.A. “How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry.” New York, Barron’s Educational Series Early 2002. Print.
McAdam, J. “Climate Change: Forced Migration and International Law.” Oxford University Press New York 8th Dec 2010.
Nelson V. “Introduction to Renewable Energy.” USA CRC Press: 2nd Dec. 2011: 11-34. Print.
Reitze A.W. “Air Pollution Control Law: Compliance and Enforcement.” Environmental Law Institute. Washington DC: 11th September. 2001: p 200. Print.
Tabor, E. “Emerging Viruses in Human Populations.” Elsevier: Early 2007: 161-177. Print.
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