Application: Cancer and Women's and Men's Health

Application: Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health

Cancer is characterized with uncontrolled and abnormal cell multiplication in the human body, mainly appearing as tumors or malignant growth. Cancer has the capability of spreading to others parts of the human body through the blood stream and also through the lymphatic system (Sampson & Fenlon, 2002). According to the statistics compiled by American Cancer Society, it was noted that most women suffer from breast cancers while most men suffer from prostate cancer. Advanced patient nursing in clinical settings have the responsibilities of working together with the physicians in educating patients on preventative services, on risk factors and possible drug treatments for the patients already suffering from the disease. Clinical implications are directed at detecting cancer at the early stages, which makes it easy to cure and manage the disease (Grimm et al, 2003).

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is part of the cancer family that originates from the tissues of the breast. It is common along the lobules and milk ducts. Cancers at the ducts are referred to as ductal carcinomas and the cancers at the lobules are referred by the term lobular carcinomas. It has been noted that breast cancer occurs both among the mammals and humans, with majority of the cases in human beings among the women, although a number of men are diagnosed with breast cancer (Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, 2012).

Screening of the breast cancer is part of the community sensitization on the diseases, if a patient has breast cancer; treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. Common treatment models identify with medications which relates to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, surgery, immunotherapy and radiation. Surveys have indicated that surgery offers the best benefits since there are high chances that the patient gets cured of breast cancer, especially if the disease is detected at the early stages (Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, 2012). Surgery in most cases is administered together with chemotherapy regimens. Radiation on the other hand offers high chances of patient survival and improves on relapse rates. Radiation in most cases is performed just after the surgery to conserve the breast. USPSTF has supported mammography screening in women aged forty years and above, in order to detect breast cancer at the early stages (Sampson & Fenlon, 2002).

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer develops along the prostate which is a glad in the reproductive systems of males. It has been noted that majority of the prostate cancer are characterized with slow growing, although in the modern world, there has been cases of prostate cancers that are aggressive (Cohen, 2013). In a number of cases, it has been noted that prostate cancers metastasize to other body parts especially to the lymph nodes and bones. Prostate cancer is characterized with pains in the region, challenges during sexual contact, erectile dysfunction and challenges while the patient is urinating among other challenges (Grimm et al, 2003).

Prostate cancer varies with continents with East and South Asia showing sparingly as compared to the United States and Europe. Prostate cancer is common with men aged fifty years and above. Detecting prostate cancer is a big challenge, since the disease does not show any symptoms, and most men do not engage therapy; eventually prostate cancer in men kills the patients with other opportunistic diseases (Cohen, 2013).

Prostate cancer is facilitated by diet, genetics and poor lifestyles. Although light pollution contributes to cases of prostate cancer; prostate cancer is tested through biopsy, physical examination symptoms and through prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In 2012, USPSTF (United States Preventive Services Task Force) discouraged prostate cancer screening through the PSA method. It was argued that PSA led to over-treatment and over-diagnoses of patients suffering from the disease although it was asymptomatic (Cohen, 2013). USPSTF argued that testing of prostate cancer had little benefits as the harms continued to kill the patients.

Strategies of managing prostate cancer are guided by the spread of the disease within the human body. Low risk tumors are managed through active surveillance. It has been noted that common treatments with the intentions of curing the disease involve surgery, cryosurgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy at the advanced stages of the disease (Grimm et al, 2003). There are studies that have proved that men engaging in masturbation have low risk of acquiring prostate cancer.

USPSTF

USPSTF consists of experts who work independently in the line of primary care and prevention of diseases. USPSTF has been concerned with evidence and the accrued effectiveness of the critical information in delivering recommendations pertaining clinical preventative services; USPSTF works under the United States Department of Health and Human Services with the intention of improving on quality and research in healthcare in the United States (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2012).

In conclusion, cancer is a treatable disease if noted at the early stages, the world is facing modernization due to acceleration of socializations and globalization, changing lifestyles in human beings has accelerated the rate of cancer in the society. There is a need of sensitizing the community on preventative models, particularly basing on lifestyle and management of cancer for the people suffering from the disease (Grimm et al, 2003). There are different cancers in the world, depending on the origin of the cancerous cells; breast cancer is common among the women while prostate cancer is common among the men.

References

Cohen, J. S. (2013). Prostate Cancer Breakthroughs: New Tests, New Treatments, Better Options — A Step-by-Step Guide to Cutting Edge Diagnostic Tests and 8 Medically-Proven Treatments. New York: Oceansong Publishing.

Grimm, P. et al. (2003). The Prostate Cancer Treatment Book. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. (2012). The Mayo Clinic Breast Cancer Book. Epsom, Surrey, England: Good Books.

Sampson, V. & Fenlon, D. (2002). The Breast Cancer Book. London: Ebury Publishing.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Report of the United States Preventive Services Task Force. London: International Medical Publishing.