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Marx’s, Darwin’s and Freud’s understanding of the Driving Source in our Society
Introduction
A driving force is the act of using force in order to get something. I intend to discuss the different views of Karl Marx, Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud on the problems they concentrated on, their approaches and methods in developing theories and assumptions that explain driving force for human beings. Marx, Darwin and Freud intended to reflect back in the past for traces of development in human beings and capitalism. Darwin focuses on human development, Freud on a psychological disorder and Marx tries to explain the relationship between capital and labor.
Discussion
Although Marx and Darwin have similar views on human progress, their main beliefs differ in their opinions of nature involved in the process of human development. Darwin points development to regular and deterministic influence of natural incidents. Marx points it to a reasoned process that must be assisted by man’s alert attempts. However, Freud and Marx’s concepts differ because as Freud tries to understand the driving force for human beings in the case of treating Obsessional Neurosis, Marx explains the social driving force for human beings being their financial and societal status. Freud made people to question themselves about their ability to think due to the unconscious part of the brain having the ability to operate by itself without the help of the conscious section.
Freud believed that open-minded association of human beings involved interacting continuously. Freud illustrated a scientific experiment of a Rat man. It shows the father hitting the rat for biting. The rat suppressed his eroticism in order to connect back with the dad and resulted to disgusting obsessive strange habits. Freud perceived the concept of psychoanalysis as an innate discipline. His social driving force is sexual interest and focuses on Obsessional Neurosis to explain how sexual drive can be used to treat the disorder.
The problem is written to the students to inform them about the disorder (Freud 15). Freud was trying to convince students on how Obsessional Neurosis can be treated through the driving force of sexual interest. He observes the patients’ symptoms and behavior when they suffer from the disorder (Freud 19). He gives evidence of an Obsessional Neurosis patient who was cured by a hydrotherapy treatment that brought up the idea of sexual intercourse.
Deductive reasoning has been applied whereby Freud takes us through the case study of an Obsessional neurosis disorder patient to prove that the driving force for human beings is sexual desire. The social driving force of Darwin is survival of the fittest setting and he focuses on the descent of man. The writer addresses this topic to an audience group of students, researchers and scientists.
The author is trying to convince the audience that there is a connection between the descent of man and the history of the origin of human beings. The writer used the method of collection, whereby he collected different notes on the similar topic of the descent of a man. He describes his purpose as discovering more about the topic instead of the need to publish it (Birx 1). He combines all his notes in order to measure the length of overall conclusions in proving his statement.
The author wants to find out if man came from a previous existing organism and the difference among various human races (Birx 2). He explains the importance of sexual selection in differentiating between various human races. Darwin believed that the White race existed before any other race. He explains that human beings originated from apes and that the black people when viewing their biological system are nearer to apes than the white people. Darwin says, “At some future period, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world” (Birx 4).
The author also attempts to discover if man came from a previous existing organism and the difference among various human races (Birx 2). One of the assumptions made explains that the origin of human’s existence cannot be known and that ignorance encourages confidence more than knowledge does (James 3). It explains that those who know less knowledge confidently assume that the issue of human origin will never be given a solution by science. He also assumes that the origin of man relates with other living organisms that are of a lower class such as animals and plants.
For example, a monkey’s bone structure resembles that of a human being in its hands and legs (Birx 6). The brain is the most important organ in the body because of its resemblance and development period. Darwin describes the concept of polygenesis as false because it is possible to inherit natural characteristics and generate offspring. However, Marx focuses on capital, work and income. He describes the operations of human beings ranging from the high level of culture and religion as vessels utilized by the wealthy people against poor people. The author is addressing the students, scholars, students and professors by convincing them that there is a relationship between capital and labor.
The author takes us through the explanation of wages in a case scenario, where laborers are asked the amount of wages they earn. This evaluation was done to be able to know how to explain wages and how they are determined (Tucker 204). He uses inductive reasoning in which, is a method of thinking, where one examines different and several schemes derived from observational ideas. The author has used the inductive approach because he bases his assumptions from an observational case study carried out on employees.
Each employee responded differently to the salary amount received from their managers depending on the different productivity they contributed to the business. Therefore, salary is defined as an amount of money paid by an employer depending on the period in which an output of labor is produced (Tucker 204). As a result, Marx assumed that a capitalist has the power to purchase the period spent in labor for a certain amount of output. He explains that in real terms, the capitalist purchases labor power from the workers. In addition, capitalists are able to obtain income from employees. However, Marx explains that this idea fails to succeed for the workers because when there is increased level of competition, the level of salaries earned decreases. The disadvantage of this theory is that it does not involve people from the middle class status and hence the future is unable to be predicted since it is not scientific.
Conclusion
Labor is important for measuring the amount of goods produced. For example, a certain amount of capital can be used in purchasing a specific amount of output. Therefore, it is assumed that labor force is type of good, which is owned by the worker that sells it to capital in order to survive. Wages increase and decrease depending on situation of supply and demand and influential factors such as competitors, buyers, suppliers and other external organizations. Changes in salary also depend on the difference in prices of goods. Different theories of human progress and development that have been identified in this paper are based on past researchers including Marx, Freud and Darwin.
Works Cited
Birx, James. The descent of man: Charles Darwin. New York, NY: Prometheus Books, 1998. Print.
Freud, Sigmund. Three Case Histories. New York, NY: Collier Books, 1993. Print.
Tucker, Robert. The Marx-Engels reader. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978. Print.
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